Common European Framework of Reference

  1. What is the Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR)?
  2. Description of the Common Reference Levels A1, A2, B1, B2, C1 and C2
  3. Further information on the Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR)



  1. What is the Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR)?

    The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages provides a common basis for the development of target language syllabuses, curricular guidelines, examinations, textbooks etc. throughout Europe. It comprehensively describes what learners need to learn to do in order to use a language for communicative purposes and what knowledge and skills they need to develop in order to be able to act communicatively successfully. The description also covers the cultural context in which language is embedded. The Framework also defines levels of competence so that learning progress can be measured throughout life and at every stage of the learning process.

    The Common European Framework of Reference aims to help overcome the barriers that arise from differences between education systems in Europe and that hinder communication between those involved in the teaching of modern languages (...).

    By providing a common basis for the explicit description of objectives, content and methods, the Common European Framework of Reference increases the transparency of courses, curricula and guidelines and of qualifications and contributes to strengthening international cooperation in the field of modern languages. The provision of objective criteria for the description of language competence facilitates the mutual recognition of qualifications acquired in different contexts and thus also promotes mobility in Europe (...).


  2. Description of the Common Reference Levels A1, A2, B1, B2, C1 and C2: Global Scale


    Competent
    language use

    		C2 Can understand with ease practically everything he/she reads or hears. Can summarize information from different written and oral sources, giving reasons and explanations in a coherent presentation. Can express him/herself spontaneously, very fluently and precisely and can also make finer nuances of meaning clear in more complex situations.
    C1 Can understand a wide range of demanding, longer texts and grasp implicit meaning. Can express him/herself fluently and spontaneously without often having to search for clearly recognizable words. Can use the language effectively and flexibly in social, professional, educational and academic contexts. Can express him/herself clearly, in a structured and detailed way on complex subjects, using a variety of text linking devices appropriately.

    Independent
    language use

    		B2Can understand the main ideas of complex texts on concrete and abstract topics; also understands technical discussions in his/her field of specialization. Can communicate fluently and spontaneously enough to hold a normal conversation with native speakers without much effort on either side. Can express him/herself clearly and in detail on a wide range of subjects, explain a viewpoint on a topical issue and give the advantages and disadvantages of various options.
    B1Can understand the main points when clear standard language is used and when dealing with familiar matters from work, school, leisure, etc. Can deal with most situations encountered when traveling in the language area. Can express him/herself simply and coherently on familiar topics and areas of personal interest. Can talk about experiences and events, describe dreams, hopes and ambitions and give brief reasons or explanations for plans and opinions.

    Elementary
    Use of language

    		A2Can understand sentences and frequently used expressions related to areas of most immediate relevance (e.g. personal and family information, shopping, work, local area). Can communicate in simple, routine situations involving a simple and direct exchange of information about familiar and routine matters. Can use simple means to describe his/her own background and education, immediate environment and things related to immediate needs.
    A1Can understand and use familiar, everyday expressions and very simple phrases aimed at satisfying specific needs. Can introduce him/herself and others and ask and answer questions about personal details such as where he/she lives, people he/she knows and things he/she has. Can communicate in a simple way if the other person speaks slowly and clearly and is willing to help.


  3. Further information on the Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR)